BS ISO 10936-1-2002 光学和光学仪器.手术显微镜.要求和试验方法
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【英文标准名称】:Opticsandopticalinstruments-Operationmicroscopes-Requirementsandtestmethods
【原文标准名称】:光学和光学仪器.手术显微镜.要求和试验方法
【标准号】:BSISO10936-1-2002
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:英国
【发布日期】:2002-05-24
【实施或试行日期】:2002-05-24
【发布单位】:英国标准学会(BSI)
【起草单位】:BSI
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:外科显微镜;定义;光学;光学设备;试验;显微镜;光学仪器;光学测量;规范(验收)
【英文主题词】:Definition;Definitions;Microscopes;Opticalequipment;Opticalinstruments;Opticalmeasurement;Optics;Specification(approval);Surgerymicroscope;Testing
【摘要】:ThispartofISO10936specifiesrequirementsandreferstotestmethodsforoperationmicroscopesusedforobservationduringsurgicaloperationandtreatmentofpatients.Itdoesnotapplytoaccessories,e.g.photographiccameras.NOTESpecificrequirementswithregardtoopticalradiationhazardsfromoperationmicroscopesusedinocularsurgeryaregiveninISO10936-2.
【中国标准分类号】:C32
【国际标准分类号】:11_040_30;37_020
【页数】:12P;A4
【正文语种】:英语
【英文标准名称】:StandardPracticeforNaI(Tl)Gamma-RaySpectrometryofWater
【原文标准名称】:用NaI(TI)γ射线光谱法处理水的标准规程
【标准号】:ASTMD4962-2002
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:
【发布日期】:2002
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:D19.04
【标准类型】:(Practice)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:γ辐射;放射性同位素;水质分析
【英文主题词】:gammapulseheightanalysis;gammarayspectrometry;multichannelanalyzer;sodiumiodidedetector
【摘要】:Gamma-rayspectrometryisusedtoidentifyradionuclidesandtomakequantitativemeasurements.Useofacomputerandalibraryofstandardspectrawillberequiredforquantitativeanalysisofcomplexmixturesofnuclides.Variationofthephysicalgeometryofthesampleanditsrelationshipwiththedetectorwillproducebothqualitativeandquantitativevariationsinthegamma-rayspectrum.Toadequatelyaccountforthesegeometryeffects,calibrationsaredesignedtoduplicateallconditionsincludingsource-to-detectordistance,sampleshapeandsize,andsamplematrixencounteredwhensamplesaremeasured.Thismeansthatacompletesetoflibrarystandardsmayberequiredforeachgeometryandsampletodetectordistancecombinationthatwillbeused.Sincesomespectrometrysystemsarecalibratedatmanydiscretedistancesfromthedetector,awiderangeofactivitylevelscanbemeasuredonthesamedetector.Forhigh-levelsamples,extremelylowefficiencygeometriesmaybeused.Quantitativemeasurementscanbemadeaccuratelyandpreciselywhenhighactivitylevelsamplesareplacedatdistancesof1mormorefromthedetector.Electronicproblems,suchaserroneousdeadtimecorrection,lossofresolution,andrandomsumming,maybeavoidedbykeepingthegrosscountratebelow2000countspersecondandalsokeepingthedeadtimeoftheanalyzerbelow5%.Totalcountingtimeisgovernedbytheactivityofthesample,thedetectorsourcedistance,andtheacceptablePoissoncountinguncertainty.1.1Thispracticecoversthemeasurementofradionuclidesinwaterbymeansofgamma-rayspectrometry.Itisapplicabletonuclidesemittinggamma-rayswithenergiesgreaterthan50keV.Fortypicalcountingsystemsandsampletypes,activitylevelsofabout40Bq(1080pCi)areeasilymeasuredandsensitivitiesofabout0.4Bq(11pCi)arefoundformanynuclides(1-10).Countratesinexcessof2000countspersecondshouldbeavoidedbecauseofelectroniclimitations.Highcountratesamplescanbeaccommodatedbydilutionorbyincreasingthesampletodetectordistance.1.2Thispracticecanbeusedforeitherquantitativeorrelativedeterminations.Intracerwork,theresultsmaybeexpressedbycomparisonwithaninitialconcentrationofagivennuclidewhichistakenas100%.Forradioassay,theresultsmaybeexpressedintermsofknownnuclidicstandardsfortheradionuclidesknowntobepresent.Inadditiontothequantitativemeasurementofgamma-rayactivity,gamma-rayspectrometrycanbeusedfortheidentificationofspecificgamma-rayemittersinamixtureofradionuclides.Generalinformationonradioactivityandthemeasurementofradiationhasbeenpublished(11and12).Informationonspecificapplicationofgamma-rayspectrometryisalsoavailableintheliterature(13-16).1.3Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappropriatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplicabilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.
【中国标准分类号】:Z16
【国际标准分类号】:13_060_30
【页数】:8P.;A4
【正文语种】:
基本信息
| 标准名称： | 磁栅数显表 技术条件 |
| 中标分类： |
机械 >>
工艺装备 >>
量具与量仪 |
| 替代情况： | 被JB/T 9944-99代替 |
| 发布日期： | |
| 实施日期： | 2001-10-01 |
| 首发日期： | |
| 作废日期： | |
| 出版日期： | |
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所属分类： 机械 工艺装备 量具与量仪
